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Showing 13–24 of 51 results

  • Central Europe 1810

    Central Europe 1810

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    By 1810, Napoleon Bonaparte’s domination of continental Europe seemed unchallengeable. Five enemy coalitions had been formed against him: each had been militarily outclassed and forced to sue for peace on humiliating terms. The War of the Third Coalition had ended in 1806 with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire... More
  • Central Europe 1812

    Central Europe 1812

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    Before Napoleon’s attempted invasion of Russia in the winter of 1812, France was on its way towards domination of mainland Europe. A series of defeats suffered by successive European alliances at the hands of Napoleon had gradually reduced the strength and territories of France’s main continental rivals, Austria and Prussia.... More
  • Central Europe and Northern Italy 1797

    Central Europe and Northern Italy 1797

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    The French Republic secured victory in the War of the First Coalition in 1797, after it defeated an alliance of European powers, including Prussia and Austria as constituents of the Holy Roman Empire, Britain, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal, who united against French expansionism and the threat of spreading revolution.... More
  • Crossing the Alps 15 May–14 June 1800

    Crossing the Alps 15 May–14 June 1800

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    French forces were pushed out of Italy in 1799, leaving Massena and his French forces trapped in Genoa by Austrian commander Melas and the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean. Napoleon, after returning from Egypt, began assembling the French Army of the Reserve ready to cross the Alps and launch a... More
  • Danube Campaign September–November 1805

    Danube Campaign September–November 1805

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    By summer 1805, a new coalition against Napoleon’s Imperial France had formed, beginning the War of the Third Coalition. In September, Austrian General Mack began a march into Bavaria to secure the city of Ulm which had a favourable defensive position that he believed would be necessary to protect against... More
  • Egypt and Syria July 1798–July 1799

    Egypt and Syria July 1798–July 1799

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    Napoleon saw himself as a successor to Alexander the Great, who conquered Egypt and much of the middle East. He was also at war with Great Britain and an occupied Egypt meant he could obstruct British trade routes to its Indian possessions. After capturing Alexandria, Napoleon advanced towards Cairo. After... More
  • Europe 1807

    Europe 1807

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    Having routed the Third Coalition raised against him at Austerlitz (1805), Napoleon was in characteristically uncompromising mood when a Fourth Coalition was raised against him in 1806. The volunteer cannon fodder on this occasion were Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and, in the background, Britain. Prussia bore the brunt, crushed at... More
  • Europe c. 1812

    Europe c. 1812

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    Although in early 1812 Napoleon Bonaparte, French military commander and emperor, had annexed most of continental Europe, he was on the brink of disaster. Britain, whom he dismissed as a ‘nation of shopkeepers’, continued to fight Napoleon and paid European coalition members to field armies against him. Napoleon, determined to... More
  • Europe June 1812

    Europe June 1812

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    On the eve of his invasion of Russia, Napoleon was notionally at the height of his power, presiding over an empire of 130 departements and 70 million people, but ominous cracks were already appearing in his imperium. From 1811, France experienced a prolonged economic crisis exacerbated by Britain’s economic blockade,... More
  • Grand Duchy of Warsaw 1810

    Grand Duchy of Warsaw 1810

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    After the third partition in 1795, Polish populations remained concentrated in the annexed territories and were keen to have their sovereignty restored. Many fought with Napoleon against Austria, Russia and Prussia, now a prominent German state, the partitioning powers. They believed that if they supported Napoleon they would (as a... More
  • Iberian Campaigns 1807–14

    Iberian Campaigns 1807–14

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    The Peninsular War began after Portugal refused to cease trading with Britain, going against Napoleon’s planned economic starvation of Britain. Initially Spain was allied with France, participating in the swift invasion of Portugal in November 1807, however Napoleon soon seized the Spanish crown and awarded it to his brother Joseph.... More
  • Leipzig Campaign 1813

    Leipzig Campaign 1813

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    After retreating from Russia in 1812, Napoleon launched a new campaign in Germany in 1813. The Russian army pursued the French into the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Prussia, where the Prussian army changed sides under the Treaty of Kalisz and joined the Russian forces against Napoleon. Combined Prussian-Russian forces... More