Over the course of the 16th century the expansionist ambitions of the Ottoman Turks in Europe became focussed on the land route, turning their Balkan borders with the Habsburgs and Poland into a... Read More
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Between c. 780–814 the British Isles were beset by raids, targeted by bands of Vikings, who radiated out from Denmark and Norway. Their raids began with coastal settlements in Wessex, Mercia,... Read More
In 1720 the Habsburgs dominated Central Europe. The Treaty of The Hague (1720), which followed the defeat of the ambitious Philip V of Spain by the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, France, Austria and... Read More
In the first partition of Poland in 1772 substantial areas of Polish territory had been annexed by Austria, Russia and Prussia, changing the balance of power in Central Europe. In 1789 the eruption... Read More
By 1797 the First French Republic, which had been established as a result of the French Revolution in 1789, had begun its territorial expansion into neighbouring states. Many other states within... Read More
Following the decisive French victories over the Russian and Austrian armies at the Battle of Austerlitz and the final defeat of the Austrians at Ulm in December 1805, Austria was forced to make... Read More
Following Napoleon’s creation of the Confederation of the Rhine from former Austrian territories, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II renounced his throne, thereby dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, which... Read More
Before Napoleon’s attempted invasion of Russia in the winter of 1812, France was on its way towards domination of mainland Europe. A series of defeats suffered by successive European alliances at... Read More
At the breakout of World War I, the borders of central Europe had generally coalesced into large nation states and regional empires which had incorporated the numerous small principalities and... Read More
Following the defeat of Germany and Austro-Hungary at the end of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles was drawn up and signed on 28 June 1919 in an attempt to weaken Germany and punish it for its... Read More