As the Western Roman Empire began to fail Christianity began to spread beyond the borders of the former Empire. Christianity had spread from Roman Britain to Wales and Ireland and here a unique... Read More
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The Bronze Age in Europe began around 3200 BCE on the coasts of the Aegean, and would reach its apogee in the Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 25001450 BCE). Bronze was manufactured from copper... Read More
In response to the shipping losses being inflicted by German submarines in the Atlantic, the US entered World War I in April 1917, slowly building up the Allies’ land forces to the point when, in... Read More
The 51st Highland Division was renowned for its ability and bravery in combat, and played a significant role in World Wars I and II. The Division’s insignia was identified by its red ‘HD’, on a... Read More
After cooperating in the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union became antagonists. Immediately after the Potsdam and Yalta agreements in 1945, Stalin demanded... Read More
For many Roman citizens the end of the empire was by no means disastrous. While the towns and infrastructure were battle-scarred and derelict, relative peace returned to the land, and it was possible... Read More
The decline of the Roman Empire can be thought to have begun when an influx of Goths from central Europe crossed the River Danube and decisively defeated and greatly weakened the Romans’ eastern... Read More
In March 1815, at the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the ‘Seventh Coalition’ determined to end the European rule of Napoleon, whom they declared ‘an... Read More
The eastward settlement (Ostsiedlung) by Germans became pronounced in Medieval times, and was often through invitation of local rulers who valued their industry, skills and martial prowess. Colonies... Read More
By the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), the Ottoman Empire ceded large chunks of Balkan territory to the Habsburgs, Venetians and Poles. After a further defeat, the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718) saw the... Read More