Europe 1700

The turn of the 17th century was sandwiched between the Great Turkish War (1683–97), which effectively ended Ottoman expansion into Europe, and the Great Northern War (1700–21), through which... Read More

Europe 1600

In the late 16th century, elective monarchy appeared an increasingly successful model for governance. In the Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth, the enshrinement of the powers of the nobility in the... Read More

Europe 1500

While the Renaissance reached a crescendo in its Italian heartland, the balance of political power shifted towards the continental periphery. In the east, the fall of Constantinople (1453) opened the... Read More

Huguenot Migrations in Europe 1685–1715

In 1598 the Edict of Nantes ended the French Wars of Religion. The Edict granted French Huguenots (Protestants) religious toleration, as well as equal status in French society. The Huguenots’... Read More

Central Europe 1806

On 12 July 1806, after ten years of diplomatic wooing, sixteen German client states, which included Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau, and Berg, signed the Treaty of the... Read More

Central Europe 1797

After the third partition of Poland, settled on 26 January 1797, Poland disappeared from the map of Europe and its lands were divided between Prussia, the Habsburg Dominions, and the Russian Empire.... Read More

European Counter Reformation 1545–71

The period of spiritual, intellectual, cultural and moral revival within the Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries is known as the Counter-Reformation. It was not merely a reaction to the... Read More

Printing Presses in Europe c. 1450

Johannes Gutenberg was a goldsmith in Mainz, who managed, after years of painstaking experiment, to perfect the manufacture of small metal movable type. Guttenberg produced 200 copies of his... Read More

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