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  Treaty of Sèvres 1920

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  Treaty of Sèvres 1920

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  The Treaty of Sèvres, signed on 10 August 1920, set out the terms of the partition of the Ottoman Empire’s territories following its defeat in World War I. Besides massive territorial losses, the Ottoman Empire was forbidden from holding an army greater than 50,700 men, whilst its navy was massively... More
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  Treaty of Verdun 843

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  Treaty of Verdun 843

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  Following the death Charlemagne’s son, Louis I, the Carolingian Empire was split between his three sons in keeping with the method of succession of the Old Frankish Kingdoms. Lothair, the eldest son, had attempted to claim sole leadership of the empire upon the death of his father who left him... More
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  Treaty Ports in China 1842–1936

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  Treaty Ports in China 1842–1936

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  The First Opium War, triggered by the British government’s imposition of an opium trade upon Qing China, was concluded in 1842 by the Treaty of Nanking, under which the Chinese ceded to the British Empire the island of Hong Kong and the five treaty ports at Shanghai, Canton (Guangzhou), Ningpo... More
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  Trentino Offensive June 1917

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  Trentino Offensive June 1917

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  Two days after the cessation of the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo, the Italians launched an attack on the Austro-Hungarian positions in Trentino, captured in the offensive of the previous summer. Cadorna, the Italian Chief of Staff, was aware they might be used to attack his Isonzo forces from the... More
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  Trier Plan c. 1st Century

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  Trier Plan c. 1st Century

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  The Roman city of Augusta Treverorum, now the German city of Trier, traces its origins back to the Celtic-Germanic Treveri tribe. It became an important regional hub of the Roman Empire following the construction of a military road between Cologne and Lyon in 39 BCE. Its location on the River... More
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  Trieste and Istria 1866–1918

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  Trieste and Istria 1866–1918

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  In 1867, the Austrian Empire enacted a reform known as the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. This established separate parliaments and administrative operations for the historic kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian Empire, whilst both remained unified under a single head of state as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.... More
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  Trieste and Istria 1920–54

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  Trieste and Istria 1920–54

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  Austria-Hungary collapsed into numerous separate states after its defeat in World War I. Much of the area formerly known as the Austrian Littoral was annexed to Italy in 1920 following negotiations under the Treaty of Rapallo, and renamed the Julian March. As a result, many Slavs, Germans and Hungarians who... More
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  Trouble on the Texas Border 1846

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  Trouble on the Texas Border 1846

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  The term ‘Manifest destiny’ was coined on the occasion of the annexation of Texas (1845). While never official policy, President Polk certainly scented the opportunity to expand from Texas to the Pacific, at the expense of a newly independent Mexican state enfeebled by Comanche and Apache wars. The pretext was... More
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  Turenne’s German Campaign 1674–75

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  Turenne’s German Campaign 1674–75

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  Louis XIV’s expansionist attacks on the Netherlands provoked hostility from other European states, and the armies of Austria and Brandenburg under Friedrich-Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg, posed a threat in the upper Rhine. In 1674, therefore, Vicomte de Turenne was tasked with preventing invasion in Alsace. His first campaign saw success... More
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  Twenty Miles around New York 1776–77

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  Twenty Miles around New York 1776–77

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  The commander-in-chief of the British army in America was Sir William Howe. His New York campaign of 1776-77 was distinguished by an unerring capacity to miss the rebel jugular. Firstly, having outflanked and encircled Washington’s army at Brooklyn Heights on Long Island, he declined to attack (and probably finish the... More
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  Tyneside Raids April–June 1915

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  Tyneside Raids April–June 1915

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  The German Zeppelin L9 was returning to its base on 14 April 1914, when it was instructed to raid Tyneside. At 19.00 it reached Tynemouth, travelled northwards and dropped its first bombs around Blyth, disgorging a total of 22 bombs. It turned southwards where it dropped eight bombs on a... More
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  U-boat losses 1914–18

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  U-boat losses 1914–18

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  The U-boats, German submarines, threatened Allied ships mainly around the British Isles, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean. Most of their submarines were in Belgium and German bases, from which they targeted North Sea and Atlantic shipping. There was also a large base in Pola. At first, they torpedoed war... More