In the late 18th century, Barbary pirates terrorized Mediterranean shipping from their bases in Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and Morocco. The local rulers both abetted, and profited from, their activities. The pirates demanded large ransoms for ships and crew they captured, then tribute from the affected governments to avoid further attacks.... More
The Vatican City is a sovereign state and the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. Founded in 1929, following the signing of the Lateran Pacts in an agreement made between the Holy See and Italian prime minister, Benito Mussolini, it covers 110 acres and is the smallest nation state in... More
The death of Edward the Confessor ignited a battle of succession for the English throne. While Harold Godwinson had been elected king by the assembly of nobles, his younger brother Tostig had enlisted Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, to support his counterclaim. Sailing up the River Ouse, the Norse invaders... More
Vikings from Sweden first established a settlement at Aldeigjuborg on Lake Ladoga in the late 8th century. The legendary ruler Rurik reputedly founded Novgorod in around 860. The location was a natural trading nexus bestriding the headwaters of the Dvina, Dneister and Volga Rivers flowing respectively to the Baltic, Black... More
The Danish Viking army of Ivar the Boneless first took York in 866, but occupation was at first intermittent. After the victory of Alfred the Great over the Viking leader Guthrum in 878, the division of England became more formalized; the Danelaw, the territory where the Vikings held sway, ran... More
In 1953, the new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, began the Virgin Lands campaign to cultivate the steppe lands, mainly in northern Kazakhstan, for grain production. This area was chosen because it had higher rainfall and better soil than neighbouring regions, as well as a low population. The campaign was successful... More
After the Western Roman Empire fell at the beginning of the 5th century, a period of fluctuating migration and warring between tribes in the former Roman lands began. The Vandals, who originated in Scandinavia, were pushed into North Africa by an alliance of Romans and Visigoths after a reign of... More
The 1896 presidential election ended in the Republican victory of William McKinley against Democrat, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley was the first American president to use modern campaign techniques, spending $3.5 million on his bid for the presidency, five times the Bryan campaign sum. The central issue was whether to take... More
In 1964 a wave of violent demonstrations over voting rights in the South, culminating in an attack by state troopers on peaceful marchers at Selma, Alabama, had convinced President Johnson that voting reform was long overdue. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act on 6 August 1965. It used the 14th... More
The Admiral Scheer was one of three heavy cruisers built by the Reichsmarine – known as Deutschland-class cruisers – in response to the restrictions on the size of warships set out in the Treaty of Versailles. With the Germans employing a strategy of guerre de course (commerce raiding), in October... More
On 1 August SMS Emden, a light cruiser, left the German naval base at Tsingtao, China, and headed towards Pagan Island, where it was determined that Captain von Müller would use the Emden to intercept Allied ships in the Indian Ocean. Between 19–25 August it travelled through Dutch neutral waters... More
The might of Egypt at the apex of the Middle Kingdom is reflected in the story of Sinuhe who, welcomed and ennobled by his hosts in exile in Canaan, returns to be feted at home. By contrast, Wenamun, a priestly official despatched to Lebanon to collect a consignment of cedarwood,... More