CE – Page 8 – The Map Archive

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Significant Plantations in the Antebellum South
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Significant Plantations in the Antebellum South
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The ways in which slave labour was organized were dictated by the requirements of the crop. In the Deep South cotton, which required few specialized skills, was typically cultivated via the gang system, where synchronized tasks were performed under close supervision. The crops of the east coast lowlands, coffee, pimento,... More
Slaves and Free Blacks in the Caribbean early 19th century
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Slaves and Free Blacks in the Caribbean early 19th century
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The pattern and incidence of slavery varied widely across the Caribbean. The British and French colonies, with economies dominated by the highly labour-intensive plantation cultivation of sugar, were the largest slave markets. The sugar crop produced lucrative returns; Barbados was adjudged ‘the richest spot of ground in the world’, and,... More
South Asian Religions from 1947
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South Asian Religions from 1947
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Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka share a common history of British colonial rule, and have experienced missionary activities from Christians that date back many centuries. A Muslim majority is found in Pakistan (95%) and Bangladesh (89.5%), while Hinduism is the dominant religion in India (80.5%) and Buddhism in Sri Lanka... More
Spanish Colonial California from 1769
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Spanish Colonial California from 1769
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The Spanish colonization of California began in 1769, with the establishment of a presidio, or fort, at San Diego, followed by a steady progression up the coast. Further presidios were sited at Monterey (1777), which became the provincial seat of government, San Francisco (1776) and Santa Barbara (1786). While the... More
Struggles of the Judges
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Struggles of the Judges
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The Biblical ‘Judges’ were military leaders as well as legal authorities; their precise job description is unclear. Each of those mentioned in the Book of Judges appeared to have led various confederations of Israelite tribes against external threat or oppression. Othniel delivers the tribe of Judah from the Aramites, Barak... More
The Armenian Genocide 1915
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The Armenian Genocide 1915
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On the eve of World War I, there were 2 million Armenians in the declining Ottoman Empire. By 1922, there were fewer than 400,000. In 1908 the Young Turk movement of discontented junior army officers seized power, determined to modernise and nationalise the Empire. In 1914 they entered World War... More
The Arrival of Christianity in Ireland 431 CE
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The Arrival of Christianity in Ireland 431 CE
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Palladius was sent by Pope Celestine as the first bishop ‘to the Irish believers in Christ’, so presumably the religion had some foothold prior to his arrival. St Patrick was hot on his heels, arriving from Britain the following year (432 CE), and was reinforced by the Saints Auxilius (Patrick’s... More
The Battle of Muret and Later Crusades 1213–29
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The Battle of Muret and Later Crusades 1213–29
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Following the initial crusade against the heretical Cathars in southwest France, the northern baron Simon of Montfort had been awarded substantial territory as a reward for taking up arms against them. In 1213 Peter II of Aragon, who was a Catholic, intervened because he was alarmed by de Montfort’s growing... More
The Byzantine Empire under Leo III 717–41
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The Byzantine Empire under Leo III 717–41
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In the 8th century Eastern Christianity, reeling from the Islamic assault and in a crisis of self-confidence, experienced the convulsion known as iconoclasm, which was officially promulgated by Emperor Leo III (717–41). Icons are works of religious art, commonly depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary and the saints and angels, which... More
The Coptic Church of Abu Sargah
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The Coptic Church of Abu Sargah
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The Coptic Orthodox church traced its foundation to the apostle Mark, who is traditionally held to have brought Christianity to Egypt in the first century CE. The Copts, who were Miaphysites (holding that Jesus is fully divine and fully human), split from the broader Christian community in 451. The Coptic... More
The Crusade Against the Cathars 1209–12
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The Crusade Against the Cathars 1209–12
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The Cathars presented perhaps the most radical threat to Christian orthodoxy in the Middle Ages, believing that there were two Gods, the God of the spiritual world and the God of the material world in which the soul was imprisoned. To free their souls the Cathars renounced the things of... More
The Daylight Gotha Raids Principal Attacks by Kagohl 3 May–June 1917
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The Daylight Gotha Raids Principal Attacks by Kagohl 3 May–June 1917
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The Kagohl 3 unit were used on 25 May 1917 and 13 June 1917 to fly Gotha daylight raids. The Gothas were ‘monsters’ with a 70-ft wingspan, powerful Mercedes engines and precision bombing capability. They each carried 13 bombs and flew in formation. The Germans thought that the Gotha would... More