Political - Page 6 of 32 - The Map Archive

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Europe 1500
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Europe 1500
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While the Renaissance reached a crescendo in its Italian heartland, the balance of political power shifted towards the continental periphery. In the east, the fall of Constantinople (1453) opened the path for Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. To the north, Ivan the Great of Muscovy managed to throw off the... More
Europe 1600
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Europe 1600
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In the late 16th century, elective monarchy appeared an increasingly successful model for governance. In the Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth, the enshrinement of the powers of the nobility in the Golden Liberty (1573) ushered in a period of unparalleled prosperity and political power. The newly independent Netherlands under their Stadtholders rapidly became... More
Europe 1700
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Europe 1700
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The turn of the 17th century was sandwiched between the Great Turkish War (1683–97), which effectively ended Ottoman expansion into Europe, and the Great Northern War (1700–21), through which Russia wrested control of the Baltic from Sweden, and effectively replaced the Ottomans as Europe’s threat to the east. The nightmare... More
Europe 1920–21 Post War Settlements
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Europe 1920–21 Post War Settlements
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The reconstruction era (1920–21) after World War I created a new map of Europe, accompanied by a series of complex territorial disputes. Germany (the Weimar Republic) was stripped of 25,000 sq. miles (65,000 sq. km) of territory. On Germany’s eastern and northern borders, the Treaty of Versailles resorted to plebiscites,... More
Europe c. 2000
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Europe c. 2000
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In 1992, Francis Fukuyama argued in The End of History and the Last Man that Western liberal democracy had become, in effect, the capstone of human socio-political evolution. Europe in 2000 ought perhaps to be Exhibit A for this thesis. The rapid collapse of communism in eastern Europe (1989–91), culminated... More
Europe in 1453
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Europe in 1453
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The French victory at Castillon (1453) ended the Hundred Years’ War, leaving the defeated English with just the port of Calais as a toehold on the European mainland. In the same year, the long Byzantine resistance to the Ottomans was finally ended with the capture of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmet... More
Europe in 1800
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Europe in 1800
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The elective monarchies of central Europe appeared increasingly quaint when set against the ruthless Realpolitik of ‘enlightened’ despots such as Catherine the Great of Russia, and Frederick the Great of Prussia. Poland was partitioned out of existence (1772–95), while the millennium-long survival of the Holy Roman Empire and the Venetian... More
Europe in 1815 After the Congress of Vienna
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Europe in 1815 After the Congress of Vienna
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The Congress of Vienna convened to re-map post-Napoleonic Europe and prevent the rebuilding of a strong France. By February 1815, delegates from the European great powers and several other European countries had, through heated compromises, created a new map of Europe. Amongst other provisions, Russia retained most of the Napoleonic... More
Europe in 1900
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Europe in 1900
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Prussian military victories over Austria (1866) and France (1871) reshaped the map of central Europe, spurring the formation of Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867), and the conversion of the German Confederation into an Empire dominated by Prussia and their guileful Chancellor, Bismarck. With Germany and Italy each achieving unification in 1871, the... More
Europe in 2000
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Europe in 2000
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The map of Europe remained unchanged, but 1989 was a year of revolutions, sweeping away Communist rule in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania. Later, borders would change, with German reunification in 1990, and the disintegration of Yugoslavia: after a decade of war in the 1990s, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and... More
European Immigration to US 1891–1929
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European Immigration to US 1891–1929
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The Dillingham Commission (1907) reviewed 21 industries and found 58 per cent of the workforce was made up of immigrants. In the same year 81 per cent of arrivals were from southern and eastern Europe, whereas, until the 1880s, northern and western Europe had been the main contributor. The immigrants’... More
Expansion and Settlement to 1820
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Expansion and Settlement to 1820
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The phrase ‘manifest destiny’ to define the inevitability of American western expansion was not coined until the 1840s but was prefigured by Jefferson’s ‘empire of liberty’ as early as 1780. The Treaty of Paris (1783), through force of arms, and the Louisiana Purchase (1803), through Napoleon’s impecuniousness, were great strides... More