Average read 15 mins By 410 CE, the Roman Empire had begun to crumble and Britain, at its periphery, began to come under increased threat from marauding tribes. Troops and money could not be spared... Read More
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By the time the Romans left Britain in c. 406 CE, much of modern England and Wales was controlled by Celtic warlords, the first ‘Britons’. In c. 450 CE England was invaded by waves of Germanic... Read More
After the Romans left Britannia in the early 5th century, Irish Gaelic tribes colonized Celtic northern Wales. The kingdom of Gwynedd was formed after northern Britons (from as far afield as... Read More
By the 8th century the four main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia and Northumbria. But in the 9th century sporadic Viking raiders began to arrive from the north and the... Read More
Between c. 780–814 the British Isles were beset by raids, targeted by bands of Vikings, who radiated out from Denmark and Norway. Their raids began with coastal settlements in Wessex, Mercia,... Read More
Edgar Aetheling was a great survivor. Chosen by the Saxons to succeed King Harold he rebelled repeatedly against William the Conqueror and both of his sons, fought in Byzantium and Jerusalem, and... Read More
Norman castles were a foreign intrusion on the British landscape. The signature Saxon defensive structure was the burh, a fortified settlement that protected ruler and ruled alike. The Normans,... Read More
By 410 CE, the Roman Empire had crumbled and Britain, at the periphery of the Roman Empire, began to come under increased threat from marauding tribes whilst Rome weakened. Troops and money could not... Read More
Between 550–600 CE, the Angle and Saxon kingdoms were established on the east and south coasts of England. The Romano-British territories had disappeared or splintered, due to internal fighting and... Read More
Harald Hardrada was the foremost warrior of his age, king of Norway, veteran of the Kievan Rus and ex-commander of the Byzantine Varangian Guard. The last Anglo-Saxon ruler of England, King Harold,... Read More