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India on the Eve of Babur’s invasion 1525
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India on the Eve of Babur’s invasion 1525
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Pre-Mughal India was enticingly prosperous, divided and exposed. The Muslim conqueror and first Mughal emperor, Babur, was a descendant of the Mongol ruler Timur, who established himself as a regional warlord in Kabul. Babur’s invasion came by invitation: to intervene in a dynastic struggle within the Lodi Sultanate of Delhi.... More
India to c. 1707
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India to c. 1707
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Akbar the Great (1556–1605) established a government system based on subahs, or provinces, further subdivided into sarkars. His taxation methodology was enlightened, calculated as a percentage of the previous decade’s harvests, with remissions for crop failures. His conquests of Gujarat (1572) and Bengal (1574), gave the Mughal Empire its first... More
India, Invasion and Regional Powers 1739–90
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India, Invasion and Regional Powers 1739–90
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At the start of the 18th century, the Mughals dominated the Indian subcontinent, but they were soon eclipsed by the Marathas, whose confederacy controlled northern India by the 1750s. In 1761 the Marathas themselves were defeated at the Battle of Panipat near Delhi by the Afghan ruler, Ahmed Khan Abdali,... More
India: Religions c. 1950
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India: Religions c. 1950
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At the 1947 partition, roughly 25 per cent of the population of the Indian subcontinent was Muslim, forming a majority in territories that would become Pakistan, but with large minority populations throughout the western half of the Indian subcontinent. Other minorities, including Christians, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs, comprised some 5... More
India’s Muslim Population c. 1930
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India’s Muslim Population c. 1930
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Islam arrived in the Indian subcontinent with the Umayyad Caliphate’s conquest of Sind (711). From 1206, Muslim rule was extended over the whole of northern India by the Delhi Sultanate and central India by the Deccan Sultanates, then unified under the Mughals in the 16th century. However, these rulers were... More
Indian Lands 1810
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Indian Lands 1810
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Early colonization of America, mainly confined to the malarial coastal wetlands, did not excessively impinge on the Indian heartlands. The Yamasee Wars (1715–17) ended with the effective destruction of that loose tribal group, and the remaining tribes, particularly, the Creeks became more astute, playing off colonial powers against one another.... More
Indian Ocean c. 1580
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Indian Ocean c. 1580
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In 1497, Vasco da Gama’s expedition past the Cape of Good Hope at the southern end of Africa opened up a new trade route with the Indian Ocean and began an era of Portuguese and European dominance of maritime trade. The Portuguese soon established fortifications and trading outposts along the... More
Indian Ocean c. 1650
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Indian Ocean c. 1650
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After the Portuguese initially made inroads into the Indian Ocean, the Dutch and English followed suit and established themselves over the Portuguese as the major maritime trading powers in the region. The Portuguese forces were small in number and, as a result, could not hold out against concerted efforts to... More
Indian Ocean Raid March-April 1942
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Indian Ocean Raid March-April 1942
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In an attempt to solidify the gains made in Burma, and to weaken Allied resupply capabilities in the case of a push-back, Japan launched a naval offensive in the Indian Ocean centred on Ceylon. The fleet, led by Admiral Nagumo, began its foray into the Indian Ocean by moving north... More
Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
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Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
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The tsunami was triggered by one of the most powerful (9.3 on the Richter scale) and longest (almost 10 minutes) earthquakes ever recorded, with a force 1,500 times the atom bomb at Hiroshima. Its epicentre was off the west coast of Sumatra and the rupture along a tectonic plate subduction... More
Indian Rail Network 1930
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Indian Rail Network 1930
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The imperative that drove the development of railways in India was different from the reasons for building railways in much of the rest of the British Empire. In Africa, Canada and Australasia, the railways opened up wilderness to colonization. India, by contrast, was heavily populated and already had a substantial,... More
Indian Territory in the Great Lakes Region 1768
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Indian Territory in the Great Lakes Region 1768
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The tribal territories of the Great Lakes were loose-knit and dynamic before the arrival of Europeans, with frequent warfare, conquest and displacement. The Iroquois Confederacy was notably belligerent, acquiring land from the Algonkin (whom they described disparagingly as ‘Adirondacks’ or ‘tree-eaters’), and subjugating the Delaware. The southern Ojibwa drove the... More