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Minoan Crete c. 1500-1250 BCE
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Minoan Crete c. 1500-1250 BCE
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The island of Crete was first settled, probably from Asia Minor, in about 3000 BCE. The distinctive and highly advanced civilization that evolved there by the end of the third millennium, was palace-based, with each palace administering a substantial farming hinterland and trading network. Sir Arthur Evans, the archaeologist who... More
Missile Submarine Patrol Areas 1980
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Missile Submarine Patrol Areas 1980
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In 1980 the US and USSR both had submersible ships which carried nuclear-powered ballistic missiles. The Cold War showed no signs of thawing and both the US and USSR were engaged in a proxy war in Afghanistan. Although there was no eruption into a ‘hot war’ (direct conflict) both the... More
Mississippi Operations 3 February–2 May 1863
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Mississippi Operations 3 February–2 May 1863
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Vicksburg was the ‘nail that holds the South’s two halves together’, according to the Confederate President Jefferson Davis. In early 1863, Ulysses S. Grant attempted lateral thinking to pry the nail loose. He commissioned a series of attempts to build canals over the De Soto peninsula, north of Vicksburg: each... More
Mississippi Territory and Florida 1798–1818
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Mississippi Territory and Florida 1798–1818
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In April 1798 Congress created the Mississippi Territory, which lay to the east of the Mississippi River. It was established on the 31st parallel and created a boundary line between Spanish Florida and the United States. In 1804, its northern boundary was extended to the Tennessee River and in 1812,... More
Mississippian Mound-Builders c. 900–1450 CE
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Mississippian Mound-Builders c. 900–1450 CE
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The mound-building cultures of North America appear to have suffered a ‘Dark Age’ roughly contemporaneous with the European version, with the revival beginning in the lower Mississippi valley in the last quarter of the first millennium. This segued into the Plaquemine culture, but was soon be eclipsed by the middle... More
Missouri Compromise 1820
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Missouri Compromise 1820
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In 1820, slave-holding states still held a majority in the US Senate. The majority in part derived from the ‘three-fifths’ rule, whereby slaves counted for 60 per cent of free persons in determining representation per state. This precarious advantage was now threatened by the ‘free’ District of Maine’s application for... More
Moai on Easter Island
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Moai on Easter Island
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The Moai statues of Easter Island are as emblematic of their homeland as the pyramids are of Egypt, and according to most recent research, began to be erected relatively soon after the arrival of the island’s first human colonists in the 12th century. The statues are carved from tuff (compacted... More
Mobile Bay August 1864
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Mobile Bay August 1864
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On 3 August 1864, Union forces laid siege to Fort Gaines on Dauphin Island to help Union Admiral David Farragut and his 18-strong fleet seal the last major southern port from Confederate blockade runners. The runners were moving cotton, weapons and supplies for the Confederate forces through the Gulf of... More
Mobile Bay Campaign 5–23 August 1864
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Mobile Bay Campaign 5–23 August 1864
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Admiral David Farragut had urged an assault on Mobile Bay since the fall of Port Hudson in July 1863, but it was not until the following summer that troops were provided for an amphibious operation. The soldiers under General Gordon Granger were landed at Dauphin Island, training a gun on... More
Mobilization in England 1147–1272
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Mobilization in England 1147–1272
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Pope Eugene III called the Second Crusade in 1144, when England was in the throes of a 20-year civil war. Nevertheless, a powerful force was raised, some 13,000 sailing from Dartmouth in territory held by the Angevin opposition to King Stephen. This force achieved the only substantive success of a... More
Monarchy in the World
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Monarchy in the World
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Monarchy describes a system of government in which the sovereign rules by order of succession, usually hereditary. Since the 19th century, the growth of parliamentary authority and the rise of communism has steadily extinguished hereditary monarchies; between 2010 and the present, there were only 43 monarchies in the world. Half... More
Monasteries in Early Russia 14th–15th centuries
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Monasteries in Early Russia 14th–15th centuries
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Christianity in Kievan Rus dates back to the 9th century, becoming the dominant religion after the conversion of Vladimir the Great in 988. Early Russian monastics were often cave–dwellers and/or hermits like St Anthony of Kiev; the size of a typical community was in single figures, or met only for... More