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Showing 13–24 of 68 results

  • Cordoba c. 1000

    Cordoba c. 1000

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    Cordoba c. 1000

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    Muslim invaders stormed Cordoba in 711. It was made a provincial capital in 716 and its Roman bridge was restored shortly afterwards (720). Abd-al-Rahman I (756–88) established the Umayyad Emirate (later Caliphate) of Al-Andalus, with Cordoba its overall capital. Rahman began the construction of the Mezquita, the Great Mosque, in... More
  • Denmark and Norway April–June 1940

    Denmark and Norway April–June 1940

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    Denmark and Norway April–June 1940

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    The Germans launched their invasion of Denmark and Norway in Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940. The Allies and Germans both had plans to occupy Scandinavia, in particular Norway, which was seen as an important strategic territory due to its maritime access to the Atlantic and its northern port of... More
  • Eastern Europe c. 1460

    Eastern Europe c. 1460

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    Eastern Europe c. 1460

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    The balance of powers on Europe’s eastern frontiers was undergoing a transition in the middle of the 15th century. To the north, Muscovy was beginning to outrival the Tatar khanates: in the 1480s, Ivan the Great would repulse the Golden Horde, and install a puppet Khan of Khazan. To the... More
  • Europe 1807

    Europe 1807

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    Europe 1807

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    Having routed the Third Coalition raised against him at Austerlitz (1805), Napoleon was in characteristically uncompromising mood when a Fourth Coalition was raised against him in 1806. The volunteer cannon fodder on this occasion were Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and, in the background, Britain. Prussia bore the brunt, crushed at... More
  • Europe at the Overthrow of the Last Western Emperor 476

    Europe at the Overthrow of the Last Western Emperor 476

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    Europe at the Overthrow of the Last Western Emperor 476

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    The disintegration of Rome in the 5th century was epitomized by the exploits of Ricimer, a Sueve from northern Spain who gained command of the Roman armies in the 450s. He organized the assassination (usually in grisly fashion) of four successive Roman emperors, before expiring of a haemorrhage in 472.... More
  • Expansion of Muscovy 1340–1462

    Expansion of Muscovy 1340–1462

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    Expansion of Muscovy 1340–1462

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    Ivan I, Grand Duke of Moscow (1325–40), used his favoured vassal status to the Golden Horde to earn the soubriquet ‘gatherer of Russian lands’, inveigling the Khan to murder his rivals, or using trade monopolies to indebt them and annex their territories. Dmitri Donskoy (1359–89) was more bombastic, going to... More
  • Expansion of Muscovy 1462–1533

    Expansion of Muscovy 1462–1533

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    Expansion of Muscovy 1462–1533

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    The fall of Constantinople in 1453 allowed Ivan III (1462–1505) to style himself ‘tsar’, the natural successor to the emperors of Byzantium, and address the Holy Roman Emperor in correspondence as ‘brother’. Increasingly, his claims were justified. Although the Tatars were eliminated as a threat (the Crimean Khanate reached the... More
  • France After End of June 1940

    France After End of June 1940

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    France After End of June 1940

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    On 22 June 1940, the Franco-German Armistice was signed, dividing France in two. The Germans occupied one half, while the other – Vichy – was a French state under the supreme authority of 83-year-old Marshal Philippe Pétain. By the end of June 1940, the Germans also occupied the Channel Islands... More
  • Franco-German War 1870–71

    Franco-German War 1870–71

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    Franco-German War 1870–71

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    The trigger for war was a diplomatic row over the Spanish succession. Provoked by Bismarck, the Prussian chancellor, France declared war, which Bismarck countered with an alliance of the German states. Mobilizing at a speed that confounded the French, the German alliance achieved a string of victories in the Rhineland,... More
  • Greater Germany 1942

    Greater Germany 1942

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    Greater Germany 1942

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    In 1942 Germany, which sought to establish the Greater German Reich in Europe, dominated most of the continent. Austria and Luxembourg had been completely absorbed, as had the ‘General Government for the occupied Polish area’, which was established by a decree in October 1939 and was located in the centre... More
  • Greco-Turkish War 1919–22

    Greco-Turkish War 1919–22

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    Greco-Turkish War 1919–22

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    Following Ottoman defeat in World War I, Greek forces had been allowed to occupy Smyrna from May 1919 after citing fears that its Christian population was under threat. The Greek occupation was initially supported by Britain and in summer 1920 the Greeks expanded their military occupation of western Anatolia. In... More
  • Helmand Province

    Helmand Province

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    Helmand Province

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    Before the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Helmand province was the epicentre of Afghan poppy cultivation, with 40,000 hectares being grown in 2000. In 2001 the Taliban, a hard-line Islamic movement that had emerged in the early 1990s in northern Pakistan in the wake of the withdrawal of Soviet... More