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Showing 49–60 of 71 results

  • The Middle Kingdom c. 2000 BCE

    The Middle Kingdom c. 2000 BCE

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    The Middle Kingdom c. 2000 BCE

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    Some of Egypt’s greatest statuary, art and literature was produced during this era (c. 2000–1523 BCE). It began with reunification and ended with enemy occupation. Amenemhat I (the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom) and his successors ruled Egypt for 200 years. Amenemhat, I moved the capital from Thebes to... More
  • The Ottoman Empire c. 1900

    The Ottoman Empire c. 1900

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    The Ottoman Empire c. 1900

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    At its height, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Middle East and much of northern Africa and eastern Europe, but by the late 1800s, the Empire was in decline. Increasing instability had taken its toll, aided by ethnic and regional groups across the Empire who sought independence. Unsuccessful wars had weakened... More
  • The Roman Empire, Losses to 450

    The Roman Empire, Losses to 450

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    The Roman Empire, Losses to 450

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    After reaching its maximum extent under Trajan, the Roman Empire began a gradual decline from 117 CE onwards. Lowland Scotland between Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall was abandoned as a permanent area of settlement around 185 CE because the resources needed to defend the area outweighed the benefits. Similarly,... More
  • The Sassanian Empire c. 550–637 CE

    The Sassanian Empire c. 550–637 CE

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    The Sassanian Empire c. 550–637 CE

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    The Sassanian Empire enjoyed a newfound level of prosperity under the reforms of Khosrau I. It was engaged in frequent conflict with the Byzantine Empire on its western border, with sporadic raids by the White Huns in the north. The Byzantine Emperor Maurice, who had aided the new Sassanian Emperor... More
  • The Sultanate of Delhi in 1398

    The Sultanate of Delhi in 1398

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    The Sultanate of Delhi in 1398

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    The 37-year rule of Feroz Shah Tughlaq ended in 1388, following a period of disunity and revolt in the last years of his reign. The first civil war began in 1384, weakening the empire as provinces and territories became independent. A second civil war erupted in 1394, six years after... More
  • The Tibetan Empire 650–850

    The Tibetan Empire 650–850

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    The Tibetan Empire 650–850

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    Around 620 CE, the clans around Lhasa unified, then annexed, the ancient neighbouring kingdom of Zhangzung. The empire they founded expanded northward at the expense of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, occupying the Tarim Basin, before losing most of its gains under the irresolute rule of Emperor ‘Old Hairy’ Tride Tsuktsän.... More
  • The Voyage of Wenamun c. 1080 BCE

    The Voyage of Wenamun c. 1080 BCE

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    The Voyage of Wenamun c. 1080 BCE

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    The might of Egypt at the apex of the Middle Kingdom is reflected in the story of Sinuhe who, welcomed and ennobled by his hosts in exile in Canaan, returns to be feted at home. By contrast, Wenamun, a priestly official despatched to Lebanon to collect a consignment of cedarwood,... More
  • The World 1 CE

    The World 1 CE

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    The World 1 CE

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    While Rome was pre-eminent at the dawn of the Christian era, its expansionist momentum was beginning to stall. The Parthians inflicted a crushing defeat in 53 BCE, the German tribes in 9 CE and Cush would prove too troublesome to subdue. The Han in China were also suffering from imperial... More
  • The World 1000 CE

    The World 1000 CE

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    The World 1000 CE

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    The second millennium dawned with few dominant imperial powers; the last pan-Muslim caliphate, the Abbasids, had long since fragmented into multiple dynasties, from the Zirids of Northwest Africa to the Qarakhanids of Central Asia. In China, the Khitan Empire, with its capital in Beijing, threatened prosperous Song dynasty. In Southeast... More
  • The World 1250 BCE

    The World 1250 BCE

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    The World 1250 BCE

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    The Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE between the Egypt of Rameses II and the Hittites was a clash to determine supremacy in the Near East between the primary regional powers of the time. The result was inconclusive and over the next century the two rivals would increasingly be overshadowed... More
  • The World 1400 CE

    The World 1400 CE

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    The World 1400 CE

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    After the expulsion of the Mongols in 1368, the Ming Empire in China, with a standing army of a million troops and a population nearing 100 million, was probably the wealthiest and most powerful dominion worldwide. To the west, the empire of Timur was nearing the peak. In 1402, Timur... More
  • The World 1500 CE

    The World 1500 CE

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    The World 1500 CE

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    The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans (1453) shocked Christian Europe, but its subsequent renaissance was not purely cultural. By the dawn of the 15th century, the Holy Roman Empire, France, England and Spain had all acquired strong, secure dynastic rule, while Hungary, under John Hunyadi and Matthew Corvinus, was... More